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GA-40 T plus BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATING RESULTS

6 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATING RESULTS

6.1 Quantities obtained from direct measurements (O

, CO, NO, SO

)

In direct measurements the temperature values and also the concentration of those gas elements which are

detected by independent electrochemical sensors are obtained. The electrochemical cell indications are

proportional to the volume concentration of the detected elements expressed in [ppm] (parts per million).

The following quantities are obtained by means of direct measurement:

G flue gas temperature T gas and ambient temperature, expressed in [

G volume concentration of CO [ppm]

G volume concentration of NO [ppm]

G volume concentration of SO2 (or any other optional cell) [ppm]

G volume concentration of O2 [%]

6.2 Calculating the concentration of carbon dioxide

The volume concentration of carbon dioxide (expressed in [% vol]) is not obtained by direct measurement

unless the analyser is fitted with the optional CO

sensor, but is calculated on the basis of measured oxygen

concentration and the CO

2max

parameter, characteristic for the given fuel.

Formula 1 shows the formula according to which the analyser calculates volume concentration of CO

[

]

CO = CO

2 2max

• −













2095%

meas

6.3 Calculating the concentration of nitrogen oxides NO

In addition to nitric oxide NO, combustion gases contain also higher oxides of nitrogen (mainly NO

)

GA-40 T plusplus does not have the nitrogen dioxide sensor in its basic version, only the nitric oxide sensor NO.

But it is possible to calculate the NO

contents on the basis of the measured NO. It is generally assumed that

nitric oxide NO contained in combustion gases makes up about 95% of the total amount of nitrogen oxides

. GA-40 T plusplus calculates the total concentration of nitrogen oxides NO

according to the following

formula:

•

[ ]

[

]

ppm

NO ppm

If the optional sensor of the GA-40 T plusplus analyser is the NO

sensor there is no need to calculate the amount

of NO

. Then the NO

concentration is calculated by the analyser as a simple sum of measured NO and NO

concentrations.

[

]

[

]

[

]

NO NO ppm NO

X 2

ppm ppm= +

6.4 Concentration of "undiluted" carbon monoxide CO

undil

To make the calculation of the carbon monoxide concentration in combustion gases independent of excess air

with which the combustion process is conducted, the idea of "undiluted" carbon monoxide CO

undil

was

introduced (it is also called the CO concentration calculated for 0% O

). The value of CO

undil

is calculated

according to the formula below:

• CO = CO

undil

⋅

where:

CO - volume concentration CO[ppm]

1 2 ... 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ... 57 58

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